new technological paradigm, which delayed their industrialization and, hence, their take-off to a state of sustained … development in the agricultural stage but has had a negative impact on income per capita in the course of industrialization; and … economic development in the process of industrialization. …

industrialization itself. We find that basic education significantly accelerated non-textile industrialization in both phases of the …

We examine the effects of trade liberalization on child work in Indonesia. Our estimation strategy identifies …

context of work and retirement patterns in Indonesia, Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As is common in many … Korea and Indonesia. Descriptive evidence is presented suggesting that pension eligible workers are far more likely to cease …

Indonesia on local public spending across communities with different types of local institutions. Our results provide evidence …

that the within-country relationship of women's employment and income is, on average, negative in Asia and Latin America … and potentially correlated shocks. In Asia and Latin America, characteristics that strengthen counter-cyclical responses … self-employment amongst women. In Asia and Latin America, there is a parallel rise in paid employment and a sharp drop in …

This paper shows that 19th-century industrialization is an important determinant of the significant changes in Germany …, economic ascent in the South. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in access to coal, we show that early industrialization … industrialization explains most of the decline in regional inequality observed in the 1960s and 1970s and about half of the current …