determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. …

richest exhibit a strikingly similar pattern, falling in the three decades after World War II, before rising sharply from the …

variables. This study draws on conflict variables from the Correlates of War (COW) project to ask a critical question: How do … different types of conflict affect country growth rates? It finds that wars slow the economy. Estimates indicate that civil war …

focused on the other direction. We use cross-country panel data for the time period 1960-2005 to estimate war-related changes … in income inequality. Our results indicate rising levels of inequality during war and especially in the early period of … post-war reconstruction. However, we find that this rise in income inequality is not permanent. While inequality peaks …

probability of war in an incomplete information game. This result is strongly consistent with existing empirical analyses of the …

We argue that one major cause of the U.S. postwar baby boom was the increased demand for female labor during World War … the one experienced by American women during wartime mobilization. For the war generation, the shock leads to a persistent … war face increased labor-market competition, which impels them to exit the labor market and start having children earlier …