countries particularly susceptible to economic hardship. We examine the role of remittances in either alleviating or increasing … causality and endogeneity and find that while income smoothing does not appear to be the main motive for sending remittances in … a non-negligible share of households, remittances do indeed smooth household income on average. Other variables …

Using a recent Spanish database, we show that remittances respond to cross country differences in portfolio values … over time with the length of the migration spell, suggesting that remittances sent for portfolio motives become more likely …