Using a new set of micro evidence from an original survey of 28 transition countries, we show that democracy increases … reformist parties in the former socialist block lies in a deepening of democracy. …

individuals and the prevailing unemployment rate in the country impact perceptions of the effectiveness of democracy. We find that … personal joblessness experience translates into negative opinions about the effectiveness of democracy and it increases the … that democracies are ineffective, regardless of joblessness. People's beliefs about the effectiveness of democracy as …

. We study the conditions under which a state of law can be implemented under oligarchy, and when democratization is … necessary. Inequality in endowments and incomes prolongs the absence of good institutions and delays democratization. Conversely …

(consensual crowding out). And finally, the more a government supports democratization, the lower is the individual's engagement …

democracy. To address the potential endogeneity of economic growth, we use variation in precipitation, temperatures, and … reduces the short-run likelihood of institutional change toward democracy. Output contractions due to adverse weather shocks …

This paper investigates the role of violent civil conflicts during the process of democratization for the quality of … different groups may engage in violent conflict in order to become the ruler predicts a crucial role of the democratization … scenario. A peaceful democratization leads to democracies with a high degree of civil liberties, reflecting a social contract …

This paper investigates the empirical role of violent conflicts for the causal effect of democracy on economic growth …. Exploiting within-country variation to identify the effect of democratization during the Third Wave, we find evidence that the … effect of democratization is weaker than reported previously once one accounts for the incidence of conflict, while the …

We study the role of trade liberalization, democratization and their interaction for technology adoption. A general … accelerate technology adoption if coupled with democratization but may lead to a slow down if these regime changes are imbalanced … variation and the heterogenous timing of openness and democratization. The results document the existence of robust positive …