document the first empirical results on the relationship between imports and productivity for Germany, a leading actor on the … systematically by testing for self-selection of more productive firms into importing, and for productivity-enhancing effects of … imports ('learning-by-importing'). We find a positive link between importing and productivity. From an empirical model with …

evidence on the link of productivity and both exports and foreign direct investment (fdi) in services firms from a highly … taking differences along the conditional productivity distribution and firms with extreme values, or outliers, into account …) indicate that the productivity pecking order found in numerous studies using data for firms from manufacturing industries …

estimates of the productivity premium of German firms exporting to the Euro-zone and beyond, controlling for unobserved time … observations, or outliers. The paper shows that estimates of the exporter productivity premium by destination are driven by a small … share of outliers. Using a clean sample without outliers the estimated productivity premium of firms that export to the Euro …

and productivity hold in the years before the export start, which indicates self-selection into exporting of more …