first piece of evidence on the causal effect of illegality on systemic violence. Brazil has historically been the main world … increases in violence after prohibition in areas with: (i) higher share of mahogany exports before prohibition; (ii) higher … contracts, or to seek protection from competitors' improper behaviors. In these contexts, violence is used to enforce previous …

high rates of regional violence. But little quantitative evidence exists on the causal relationship between violence and … international emigration in this or any other region. This paper studies the relationship between violence in the Northern Triangle … of unaccompanied child migrants from these countries between 2011 and 2016. It finds that one additional homicide per …

We use data from a unique survey of members of drug-trafficking gangs in favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to … experience and involvement in gang-related violence. The two-year mortality rate in the sample of gang-members reaches 20%, with … the probability of death increasing with initial involvement in gang violence and with personality traits associated with …

We use data from a unique survey of members of drug-trafficking gangs in favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to … experience and involvement in gang-related violence. The two-year mortality rate in the sample of gang-members reaches 20%, with … the probability of death increasing with initial involvement in gang violence and with personality traits associated with …

provided by the Furman and Gregg decisions and assess the relationship between execution and homicide rates in state panel data … cannot be reliably disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors. As such …