solely internal testing and internal teacher monitoring including inspectorates does not affect student achievement. Our … findings point out the pitfalls of overly broad generalizations from specific country testing systems. …

nonparametric testing tools for data consistency with special cases of the collective model, which impose specific structure on the … preferences of the group members (in terms of consumption externalities and public consumption); and we show that these testing … income shares that underlie observed (collectively rational) group behavior. In addition, we present formally similar testing …

This paper investigates the role of testing and age-composition in the Covid-19 epidemic. We augment a standard SIR … cold. Testing reduces the time of uncertainty. Individuals are heterogeneous with respect to age. Younger people are less … policy responses in terms of testing, confinements, and selective mixing by age group. …

of COVID-19 infections is revealed. A significant positive correlation between infections and testing is shown by the …

redeeming impact on educational performance. Others see early testing of children as a necessary instrument for identifying … children. In practice, there is large crosscountry variation in testing regimes. We exploit random variation in test-taking in … mathematics among early primary school children in Norway, a low testing environment. We examine two forms of testing, complex but …