productivity, cultural beliefs and institutions. In our model, production shocks that benefit one sector of the economy may induce … good, which in turn increases the political power of the traditional elite. Hence, productivity shocks in a more advanced …

MENA countries. To answer the question: whether either human capital or openness can be shown to cause productivity, we use … show a significant impact of openness on productivity growth. We find also an effect, significant at the ten per cent level …, of the level of human capital on the level of income but no effect on underlying productivity growth. Our preferred …

substitution is low, then GDP, productivity and wage growth may however still slow down, because the economy will then fail to …, productivity, and GDP. …