the pandemic, but surprisingly little is known on whether these shutdowns turned into permanent closures and whether small … businesses were disproportionately hit. This paper provides the first analysis of permanent business closures using confidential … Fee Administration. We find large increases in closures rates in the first two quarters of 2020, but a strong reversal of …

. We quantify the conflict by the frequency of temporary closures of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the number of … issued by the Israeli government, and the frequency of temporary closures of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, between the years … (Israel or West Bank and Gaza Strip). Closures also significantly reduce Palestinian employment rates in Israel and mean …

quality of these data. This paper investigates whether the secondary childcare questions in the ATUS are measuring the stated … construct alternative estimates that exclude time spent in secondary childcare that is inconsistent with other data collected … during the interview and find that the ATUS measure overestimates secondary childcare by at most 5 percent or about 16 …

This paper organizes and synthesizes the literature on early childhood education and childcare. In it, we go beyond …

Despite the introduction of childcare subsidies in many countries, the cost of childcare is still thought to hinder … parental employment. Many governments are considering increasing the generosity of their childcare subsidies, but the a priori … on parents' labour supply of offering free part-time childcare and of expanding this offer to the whole school day in …

childcare. …