purporting to show robust and precise estimates of a substantial deterrent effect of capital punishment. We assess the various …

Because costly punishment is not credible, subgame perfection suggests that punishment will not deter free riding … strategies seen in the lab and use the simulation to develop hypotheses about why group size should matter when punishment is … rates no lower than small groups because punishment does not fall appreciably in large groups. However, hindrances to …

diversion failed as increasing shares of dismissals by prosecutors and judges enhance crime rates in Germany. Crime is …, imprisonment) and severity (length of prison sentence, size of fine) of punishment are often small and insignificant. …

conviction play a major role in explaining the variation of crime rates, while the impact of the severity of punishment is small … police, public prosecution and courts, respectively, on crime. Using detailed data on the different stages of the criminal …

double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board. …