, showing a much more nuanced picture of female labor force participation than one might expect. Recent trends in employment and … earnings suggest that at lower levels of education, female labor force participation is driven by necessity rather than … by economic push factors and social status effects. Only at the highest education levels do we see evidence of pull …

across distinct employment states utilizing Markov transition processes. As Bosch and Maloney (2007:3) argue: labor status … of individual characteristics (i.e. gender, age, education level, work experience, sector of economic activity, firm size …

on employment outcomes, using Ghana as a case study. We take advantage of a specific policy setting, in which strict stay …-at-home orders were issued and enforced in two spatially delimited areas, bringing Ghana's major metropolitan centres to a standstill … that the three-week lockdown had a large and significant immediate negative impact on employment in the treated districts …

This paper examines how Nepal's 1996-2006 civil conflict affected women's decisions to engage in employment. Using … war on women's employment decisions. Results indicate that as a result of the Maoist-led insurgency, women's employment … probabilities were substantially higher in 2001 and 2006 relative to the outbreak of war in 1996. These employment results also hold …

postwar reconstruction and mandatory employment on women's labor market outcomes. We combine a unique dataset on city …. Using difference-in-difference and instrumental-variable strategies, we find that postwar mandatory employment reduced …