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Pollution, Infectious Disease, and Mortality: Evidence from the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic
Clay, Karen; Lewis, Joshua; Severnini, Edson R. - 2015
This paper uses the 1918 influenza pandemic as a natural experiment to examine whether air pollution affects …-city differences in baseline pollution measures based on coal-fired electricity generating capacity for a sample 183 American cities …. The findings suggest that air pollution exacerbated the impact of the pandemic. Proximity to World War I military bases …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011401663
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On the Effects of COVID-19 Safer-At-Home Policies on Social Distancing, Car Crashes and Pollution
Brodeur, Abel; Cook, Nikolai; Wright, Taylor - 2020
distancing, travel and pollution is in its infancy. We pair a differences-in-differences framework and synthetic control methods … with rich cellular tracking and high frequency air pollution data. We find that state and U.S. county safer … range from $7 billion to $24 billion while the benefits from reduced pollution could range from $650 million to $13 …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012269933
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The Impact of Aggregate and Sectoral Fluctuations on Training Decisions
Caponi, Vincenzo; Kayahan, Cevat Burc; Plesca, Miana - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2009
So far the literature has found that the effect of macroeconomic fluctuations on training decisions is ambiguous. On the one hand, the opportunity cost to train is lower during downturns, and thus training should be counter-cyclical. On the other hand, a positive shock may be related to the...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005822107
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Labor Search and Matching in Macroeconomics
Yashiv, Eran - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2007
The labor search and matching model plays a growing role in macroeconomic analysis. This paper provides a critical, selective survey of the literature. Four fundamental questions are explored: how are unemployment, job vacancies, and employment determined as equilibrium phenomena? What...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005822179
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Deaths Rise in Good Economic Times: Evidence From the OECD
Gerdtham, Ulf-G.; Ruhm, Christopher J. - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2002
This study uses aggregate data for 23 OECD countries over the 1960-1997 period to examine the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and fatalities. The main finding is that total mortality and deaths from several common causes increase when labor markets strengthen. For instance,...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005822677
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Man-cessions, Fiscal Policy, and the Gender Composition of Employment
Bredemeier, Christian; Juessen, Falko; Winkler, Roland - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2015
In recessions, predominantly men lose their jobs, which has given rise to the term "man-cessions". We analyze whether fiscal expansions bring men back into jobs. To do so, we estimate vector-autoregressive models and identify the effects of fiscal shocks and non-fiscal shocks on the gender...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011214037
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Employment and Hours over the Business Cycle in a Model with Search Frictions
Kudoh, Noritaka; Miyamoto, Hiroaki; Sasaki, Masaru - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2015
This paper studies a labor market search-matching model with multi-worker firms to investigate how firms utilize the extensive and intensive margins over the business cycle. The earnings function derived from the Stole-Zwiebel bargaining acts as an adjustment cost function for employment and...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011228303
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Payroll Taxes, Social Insurance and Business Cycles
Burda, Michael C.; Weder, Mark - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2010
Payroll taxes represent a major distortionary influence of governments on labor markets. This paper examines the role of payroll taxation and the social safety net for cyclical fluctuations in a nonmonetary economy with labor market frictions and unemployment insurance, when the latter is only...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10008611305
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Does Short-Time Work Save Jobs? A Business Cycle Analysis
Balleer, Almut; Gehrke, Britta; Lechthaler, Wolfgang; … - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2013
In the Great Recession most OECD countries used short-time work (publicly subsidized working time reductions) to counteract a steep increase in unemployment. We show that short-time work can actually save jobs. However, there is an important distinction to be made: While the rule-based component...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011188129
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Unemployment Benefits or Taxes: How Should Policy Makers Redistribute Income over the Business Cycle?
Ek, Susanne - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2012
This paper studies optimal unemployment benefit levels and optimal proportional income tax rates over the business cycle. Previous research suggests that policy makers should make unemployment insurance (UI) dependent on the business cycle because the UI system can be used to smooth consumption...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10009646283