probability of war in an incomplete information game. This result is strongly consistent with existing empirical analyses of the … inverse trade-conflict relationship, but is the opposite of the conclusion reached by Gartzke et al. (2001), who reject the … opportunity costs as the basis for the inverse trade-conflict relationship, thus implying that one need not rely on signaling. …

, and across time, how individuals, households and communities are affected by violent conflict. The report provides an … data-bases used to operationalize the variables of interest and discuss the channels linking violent conflict to individual … variables that allow researchers to analyze the welfare effects of violent conflict across countries and across time. We develop …

variables. This study draws on conflict variables from the Correlates of War (COW) project to ask a critical question: How do … different types of conflict affect country growth rates? It finds that wars slow the economy. Estimates indicate that civil war … reduces annual growth by .01 to .13 percentage points, and high-intensity interstate conflict reduces annual growth by .18 to …

Individuals who compete in a contest-like situation (for example, in sports, in promotion tournaments, or in an … appointment contest) may have an incentive to illegally utilize resources in order to improve their relative positions. We analyze …

fragmentation and conflict on international trafficking through internal and international displacements. …

. Specialization based on comparative advantage leads to gains from trade. If political conflict leads to a diminution of trade, then … at least a portion of the costs of conflict can be measured by a nation's lost gains from trade. The greater two nations …' gain from trade the more costly is bilateral (dyadic) conflict. This notion forms the basis of Baron de Montesquieu …

linkages between conflict, food insecurity, and food price shocks in Afghanistan. Spatial mappings of the raw data reveal large … variations in levels of food insecurity and conflict across the country; surprisingly, food insecurity is not higher in conflict … conflict in the province where the household is located. We find robust evidence that households in provinces with higher …

around five years after the end of a conflict, it declines again to pre-war levels within the end of the first post-war … period. Lagged effects of conflict and only subsequent adjustments of redistributive policies in the period of post-war … focused on the other direction. We use cross-country panel data for the time period 1960-2005 to estimate war-related changes …

This paper investigates the relationship between state-based conflict and entrepreneurship. From a survey of the … existing literature, we formulate two hypotheses: (1) state-based conflict has a negative association with productive and … entrepreneurship. We test these hypotheses by drawing on several state-based conflict and entrepreneurship measures, using appropriate …

, and across time, how individuals, households and communities are affected by violent conflict. The report provides an … data-bases used to operationalize the variables of interest and discuss the channels linking violent conflict to individual … variables that allow researchers to analyze the welfare effects of violent conflict across countries and across time. We develop …