–2020, we find for manufacturing establishments a gas price elasticity of labor demand of −0.02, likely reflecting a scale … effect. We also show that a rise in the gas price leads to an increase in establishment closure. A negative impact of the gas … price on wages of 2 percent is consistent with rent-sharing. …

particularly vulnerable. In this paper we consider the impact of the pandemic on the country's exports, arguing that an export …-led recovery is possible. The challenge is to identify viable export opportunities: one of the consequences of the COVID-19 … pandemic is to have closed and shrunk export opportunities globally. Despite this we show that there are still significant …

present seem to explicitly consider external substitution, i.e. finding alternative export markets. We show why this is an … omission, and use the case of the Netherlands to illustrate how to find alternative export markets and how this can bolster the …$ 245 million, much lower than some current estimates. For these, we identify alternative export opportunities outside the …