is unplanned, and the decision is taken under great emotional distress and time pressure, thus providing a test of …

The empirical literature testing the economic theory of crime has extensively studied the relative importance of the … and under intense time pressure and emotional distress are deterred more by the certainty rather than the severity of …

affected by the reform. We consider the effects of a major Swedish educational reform on crime by exploiting its staggered … implementation across Sweden. We first show that the reform reduced crime rates for the generation directly affected by the reform …. We then show that the benefits extended to the next generation with large reductions in the crime rates of the children …

double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board. …