We investigate how nondemocratic regimes use the military and how this can lead to the emergence of military … problem; a strong military may not simply work as an agent of the elite but may turn against them in order to create a regime … nondemocratic regimes and in particular, necessitates high wages and policy concessions to the military. When these concessions are …

. Specialization based on comparative advantage leads to gains from trade. If political conflict leads to a diminution of trade, then … at least a portion of the costs of conflict can be measured by a nation's lost gains from trade. The greater two nations …' gain from trade the more costly is bilateral (dyadic) conflict. This notion forms the basis of Baron de Montesquieu …

variables. This study draws on conflict variables from the Correlates of War (COW) project to ask a critical question: How do … different types of conflict affect country growth rates? It finds that wars slow the economy. Estimates indicate that civil war … reduces annual growth by .01 to .13 percentage points, and high-intensity interstate conflict reduces annual growth by .18 to …

inverse trade-conflict relationship, but is the opposite of the conclusion reached by Gartzke et al. (2001), who reject the … opportunity costs as the basis for the inverse trade-conflict relationship, thus implying that one need not rely on signaling. …

levels of conflict experience larger declines in food security than households in provinces with lower levels of conflict … linkages between conflict, food insecurity, and food price shocks in Afghanistan. Spatial mappings of the raw data reveal large … variations in levels of food insecurity and conflict across the country; surprisingly, food insecurity is not higher in conflict …

To address security concerns, governments often implement trade barriers and restrictions on the movement of goods and …

tighter security; we find no evidence of a change in the number of armed forces (military and civil personnel) in the migrant …

Scrutiny at the Canadian border to heighten security and simultaneously reduce type one (false positives) and type two … develops a pedigree system for Canadian border security which simultaneously reduces both type I and II errors while avoiding …