This paper exploits a quasi-natural experiment – the U.S. granting of Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) to China … after China's accession to the World Trade Organization – to examine whether trade liberalization affects the incidence of … child labor in China. PNTR permanently set U.S. duties on Chinese imports at low Normal Trade Relations (NTR) levels and …

Poverty among ethnic minorities and the majority in rural China for the years 2000, 2001 and 2002 is investigated … proportion among the ethnic majority was only about half as high. Still, by far most of the poor in rural China belong to the … ethnic majority. The relatively high poverty rates for ethnic minorities in rural China are found to be due to higher rates …

Since the second half of the 1990s economic restructuring in urban China has led to widespread joblessness and income … survey covering large parts of urban China in 2002, we investigate factors affecting receipt and how receipt affects urban … while having been sent to rural China during the Cultural Revolution increases it. For some types of households, receipt of …