In the early 2000s, Poland's unemployment rate reached 20%. That is now a distant memory, as employment has increased … noticeably and the unemployment rate had dropped to 3.4% in 2021. The labor force participation of older workers increased … underemployed. During the Covid-19 pandemic the slowdown in economic growth and increase in unemployment were small. …

In the early 2000s, Poland’s unemployment rate reached 20%. That is now a distant memory, as employment has increased … noticeably and the unemployment rate has dropped to 5%. However, most of the net job creation has consisted of temporary jobs …

robot adoption increased employment and reduced unemployment in most European countries, mainly through lower job separation …. Generell reduzieren Roboter Übergänge von der Beschäftigung in die Arbeitslosigkeit und erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, einen … in den meisten europäischen Ländern zu einem Anstieg der Beschäftigung und einem Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit geführt …

transitions. Our results imply that robot adoption increased employment and reduced unemployment most in the European countries …. Generell reduzieren Roboter Übergänge von der Beschäftigung in die Arbeitslosigkeit und erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, einen … der Arbeitslosigkeit geführt hat, vor allem in Ländern mit niedrigen oder durchschnittlichen Arbeitskosten. …