" (rather than a definition based on payment). Examining wage discrimination with respect to gender in Germany, we find that … gender wage discrimination is exacerbated if considered in such a framework, as women are faced not only with a lower … expected pay, but also with a more unequal distribution, lower chances of employment and a higher workload of unpaid activities …

the US, separately by gender and marital status. Measurement differences are netted out by using a harmonized empirical … regions, consistent with complementarity in spouses' leisure in the US versus substitution in spouses' household production in …