development of business. I use state election months as indicators of times of high political uncertainty. The results show that … optimistic prior to state elections because politicians promised individual policies to gratify the firms' needs during election … times. Firms might be disappointed after elections as the promises made during election campaigns by politicians turn out to …

In the United Kingdom, Smith (2003;2004) has illustrated that prime ministers make their decision to call an election … to maximize the chance for re-election. This argument should be applicable to other majoritarian systems, yet various …

democratic experience and strong party ties. Utilizing the 1990 German Unification Election Study, I examine a natural experiment …

The political business cycle theories describe that election-motivated politicians manipulate economic policy …-making. Election cycles occur in many fiscal variables, for example tax rates. I examine whether electoral motives influence communal … municipalities from seven states over the period 1992-2006. The results show that municipalities increase communal fees in election …

local councils appoint the head of government. We examine election outcomes around the quorum, where the form of government …

decline in voter turnout in the following state election, suggesting a sense of resignation among voters. However, this effect …