This paper provides a critical evaluation of an orthodox policy framework that came to be known as the “Washington consensus”. The paper traces its ideological and political genesis as it became embodied in World Bank and International Monetary Fund aid conditionalities. Despite following...

Where large-scale investments are needed, especially for infrastructure projects, public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been touted as an option. With encouragement by the international financial institutions, PPPs have been promoted in developing countries, especially those facing large...