This paper evaluates the solvency of a portfolio of assets and liabilities of an insurer subject to both longevity and financial risks. Liabilities are evaluated at fair-value and, as a consequence, interest-rate risk can affect both the assets and the liabilities. Longevity risk is described...

We consider an optimal impulse control problem on reinsurance, dividend and reinvestment of an insurance company. To close reality, we add fixed and proportional transaction costs to this problem. The value of the company is associated with expected present value of net dividends pay out minus...

This paper provides a closed-form Value-at-Risk (VaR) for the net exposure of an annuity provider, taking into account both mortality and interest-rate risk, on both assets and liabilities. It builds a classical risk-return frontier and shows that hedging strategies–such as the transfer of...

The cost of capital is an important factor determining the premiums charged by life insurers issuing life annuities. This capital cost can be reduced by hedging longevity risk with longevity swaps, a form of reinsurance. We assess the costs of longevity risk management using indemnity based...

In actuarial risk theory, the introduction of dividend pay-outs in surplus models goes back to de Finetti (1957). Dividend strategies that can be found in the literature often yield pay-out patterns that are inconsistent with actual practice. One issue is the high variability of the dividend...

Even though insurers predominantly invest in bonds, credit risk associated with government and corporate bonds has long not been a focus in their risk management. After the crisis of several European countries, however, credit risk has recently been paid greater attention. Nevertheless, the...

Systematic improvements in mortality increases dependence in the survival distributions of insured lives, which is not accounted for in standard life tables and actuarial models used for annuity pricing and reserving. Systematic longevity risk also undermines the law of large numbers, a law that...

For high-dimensional risk aggregation purposes, most popular copula classes are too restrictive in terms of attainable dependence structures. These limitations aggravate with increasing dimension. We study a hierarchical risk aggregation method which is flexible in high dimensions. With this...

Closed-form expressions for basic risk measures, such as value-at-risk and tail value-at-risk, are given for a family of statistical distributions that are specially suitable for right-skewed positive random variables. This is useful for risk aggregation in many insurance and financial...

In this paper we assume a multivariate risk model has been developed for a portfolio and its capital derived as a homogeneous risk measure. The Euler (or gradient) principle, then, states that the capital to be allocated to each component of the portfolio has to be calculated as an expectation...