Thanks to recent reforms, projections suggest that public pension expenditure as a share of GDP might be no higher in 2060 than in 2013 for the EU. However, the adequacy of pensions is also important; if reforms leave an increasing number of older citizens without adequate incomes, they will...

Putting the high public debt ratios on a downward path after the surge during the pandemic and allocating sufficient resources to deliver on the green and digital transition will be among the priorities confronting the EU institutions emerging from the June 2024 European elections. After a long...

China's merchandise trade surplus has reached an all-time high and is likely to rise further. A key driver appears to be a policy push to further bolster Chinese domestic manufacturing production, implying the danger of significant overcapacities. China's imbalance between domestic production...