Two macroeconomic constraints determine the credibility of an exchange rate system: the availability of foreign exchange and the sustainability of fiscal balance. The following paper analyses the relative importance of these constraints for fixed and flexible exchange rate systems, examines the...

The UK exit from the EU represents a qualitative change in the nature of EU membership. On the one hand, it conveyed the lesson that for the Union to be sustainable, membership needs to entail constant caretaking as far as individual members' contributions to the common good are concerned, with...

Hamburg's trade has profited from the dynamic effects of the European Common Market. In the following interview Dr Fahning, Director of the Hamburgische Landesbank-Girozentrale, gives his views on the importance of the EEC enlargement for the Hanseatic City.