The spectacular opening of the People’s Republic of China to the capitalist world market and the flourishing state of East-West cooperation-up to the Afghanistan crisis-show that cooperation with more advanced industrial countries in selected fields is seen as a promising means of speeding...

This paper examines historically the World Bank's twin features: lending to developing economies to achieve tangible results and advocating specific development policies. Section 1 provides some conceptual underpinnings for the view that an effective state is essential for development. It asks...

Prevailing economic ideas -- and fashions -- about development have influenced the International Development Association (IDA) since its creation in 1960. The creation of the organization itself is the result of two contemporaneous facts: an urgent need to channel development finance to...