Among the many contraints facing all participants in the international division of labour in the present decade, some seem to affect centrally planned economies (CPEs) to a greater extent than other countries. The CPEs' additional problems are due, according to Prof. Winiecki, to specific,...

What are the borrowing strategies and practices of European members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)? The authors had extensive discussions with bankers in the leading financial centres in Europe. Some of their findings are presented in the following article.

The six European member countries of the CMEA depend greatly on imports of energy, and oil and oil products in particular, from the USSR. In the coming years the Soviet Union will, however, probably be unable to satisfy all their import requirements so that they are likely to buy more oil in the...