Evaluating real convergence or divergence in the EU is challenging because it is diffi cult to fi nd an appropriate counterfactual or comparison benchmark, or to formulate one. Should we compare the status quo with convergence that would have been obtained had the European Union (EU) never...

The rise in unemployment is often blamed not only on the slowdown in economic growth but also on the increasing pressure to rationalise. Greater rationalisation should, however, have led to an increase in labour productivity, but this has not happened in the Federal Republic of Germany nor in a...

With respect to the recently ratified economic stimulus package in Germany, it is fundamentally important to observe whether the expansion of physical infrastructure will further contribute to economic growth. This paper presents a way to address the problem of endogeneity using panel data on 16...