The markets for network-based products and services pose particular problems with regard to competition. The transition from monopolistic to competitive structures and the issues of infrastructure sharing, dominant players and network externalities have all been subject to intensive debates....

This paper empirically analyses whether full ownership separation strengthens rail in comparison with other transport modes – a major goal of European and national transport policies. Data from nine European countries in the period 1994-2009 are evaluated, with the end result that the positive...

All formerly centrally planned economies record very substantial declines in their social products. The largest drops in production are recorded in Poland and in east Germany (the former GDR), that is, in those countries where the most radical steps towards a market economy were taken in 1990....