The foreign trade policies of the industrialized countries have become increasingly complex. The states in question do not apply uniform policies to all other countries but operate different arrangements for different groups of countries. The divergencies can be easily adduced as evidence in...

Inward investment-foreign direct investment in subsidiaries and joint ventures-has played an important part in Europe's post-war development as multinational firms, particularly American multinationals, became a major feature of many European economies. Latterly, we have seen an increasing...

Insufficient capital and foreign exchange have often been portrayed as key constraints to the growth and development of less developed countries. These economies have thus come to rely on foreign direct investment as a means of increasing their capital base and foreign exchange reserves and, via...