This article uses Aufbau Ost (or reconstruction of the East) of the new German states as a structural model to estimate the possible costs of an Aufbau Ost 2.0 of Ukraine while taking institutional differences into account. Based on three approaches, the model is validated for the new German...

As part of its sanctions regime, the United States recently announced the imposition of punitive import tariffs on 570 product groups from Russia. The European Union may follow suit and enact sanctions on Russia that mirror the US sanctions in scale and scope. Using a sector-specific...

Since the end of the Tokyo Round six years ago, mercantilistic elements have affected an increasing proportion of world trade. Theorists and practicians alike consider that GATT, as the trade arm of the international economic order, is now in a lamentable condition and is looking increasingly...

The international economic development over the last century was characterised by various kinds of cycles. This article focusses on cyclical changes in the net barter terms of trade between primary products and manufactured goods. By comparing and contrasting the present circumstances with those...

Among the many contraints facing all participants in the international division of labour in the present decade, some seem to affect centrally planned economies (CPEs) to a greater extent than other countries. The CPEs' additional problems are due, according to Prof. Winiecki, to specific,...

There seems to exist wides pread agreement on the superiority of free trade over other forms of trading systems with protectionism being accepted, at best, as a temporary device for slowing down adjustment processes. As against that, Dr. Hager argues that the markets of industrialised and...