The war initiated by Russia against Ukraine in February 2022 has resulted in the largest refugee migration in Europe since World War II, estimated by UNHCR (2022) at 6.3 million persons. In the first two months, almost 3.5 million war refugees crossed the Polish border, of which over 95% were...

Digitalisation has become one of the core concepts in European modernisation. Whileinvestment in computer hardware, telecommunications equipment, software and databaseshas increased over the years, the degree of modernity of the overall capital stock has not.This paper examines whether there is...

After decades of relative peace and security, Europe is faced with a conflict on its doorstep that threatens to upend the recent stability and shift geopolitical order. Russia's war of aggression in Ukraine has forced Europe to confront its shortcomings with regard to providing its own security...