Increasing global capital flows are principally beneficial for the improved international allocation of capital, credit and risks, but this process is not without risks for global financial stability. Expanded global monitoring of international capital flows should deepen our knowledge of the...

To boost investments into sustainability, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) - a crucial part of the economy - must play a role. The current sustainable finance framework focuses on capital markets. But SMEs normally get external finance from banks, and bank-based financial systems work...

While macroprudential policy has mostly focused on the role of banks, we argue that pension funds are also important for financial stability. Drawing on previous research on pension funds, we explain how their actions can have a vital impact on other financial institutions as well as on...

The cost-benefit-analysis represents for the public sector the same as investment projections mean for private enterprise. This method is still in its experimental stage, but it is becoming more and more sophisticated and is already widely used also by national agencies active in the field of...

The UN General Assembly has designated the 1978–1988 period as a Decade of Transport in Africa to draw attention to the immense efforts that are—in an internationally coordinated fashion—still needed in this continent. What contribution to Africa’s social and economic development may be...

Problems of geographical distribution of infrastructural facilities in LDCs cannot be tackled without reference to development strategies. This should mainly be based on the answer to the question whether development ought to radiate from a given centre of growth, or whether a broader...