The extraordinary measures taken by the ECB to combat the financial crisis have led many observers to question whether the bank has put its independence at risk. The bank’s vow to do “whatever it takes” to save the euro has added a second (and potentially contradictory) goal alongside its...

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are reshaping the financial landscape globally. Already implemented in ten countries, CBDCs offer digital payment solutions, particularly beneficial for regions with limited access to traditional banking systems that seek to promote financial inclusion....

Over the last ten years the European unification project seemed to rely overwhelmingly on progress in economic terms. The most prominent achievements – the Single Market, the harmonisation of market regulation, the euro – were all driven by an economic rationale. However, attempts to rescue...