The WTO provides extensive flexibility for members to engage with each other. Using this, WTO members should identify a … policies that are not or only partially covered by current WTO rules. Expanding the WTO rulebook, accepting greater reciprocity … and improving the organisation’s operation are necessary for revitalising the WTO. …

According to the European Commission (EC), the WTO is struggling to credibly remain the go-to place for trade … negotiations.1 Indeed, after the Commission stated its concerns, EU-Ambassador to the WTO Marc Vanheukelen commented that if the …

Since the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia has been under an EU sanctions regime. While these sanctions have not … Russia’s ability to wage war. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the sanctions and argues that the EU should … maintain and tighten sanctions, thus further weakening the military and economic power of the Putin regime. …

Financial sanctions are key in enforcing restrictions on Russian energy exports - in particular the G7/EU oil price cap … regime - due to financial institutions' critical role in cross-border transactions. While the energy sanctions regime is …. Moreover, favourable external dynamics have allowed Russia to accumulate substantial assets abroad, "shadow reserves", which …

product groups from Russia. The European Union may follow suit and enact sanctions on Russia that mirror the US sanctions in … particularly large welfare losses for Russia and/or high welfare gains for the EU. On the other hand, mirror sanctions would bring …As part of its sanctions regime, the United States recently announced the imposition of punitive import tariffs on 570 …