We review the extant literature on market entry modes to explain the multi-levels of the political environment that can have a moderating effect on transnational corporations’ (TNC) market entry processes. Based on a systematic review of the Uppsala model, transaction cost analysis, real...

Governments and ownership structures can both facilitate and constrain organizational value creation. Firm-level political strategy is a frequent response to protect or promote organizational interests. When effectively configured and implemented, these political strategies can become...

The subsidization of firms by their governments is one of the most controversial issues in international trade. As such, international disciplines on subsidy have been developed under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, many states continue to regard state aid as a vital...