Previous research into internationalisation has viewed it as being an export-led phenomenon. Although this is a phenomenon that extends to other activities such as licensing and manufacture overseas, it is usually considered from an 'outward' perspective. In this paper it is argued that...

Traditional approaches towards countertrade view it in terms of the characteristics of isolated actors engaging in different forms of countertrade. An alternative approach for understanding countertrade is provided by the network paradigm. Countertrade, because of its complexity, reciprocity and...

Previous research on internationalisation has mainly focused on the collection and use of information. In this article we examine the role of information internalisation in international business activities of Vietnamese firms. A theoretical model incorporating key antecedents and outcomes of...

Multinational subsidiaries constitute a potential source of social capital for SMEs that can help in the internationalisation process. Such social capital is particularly valuable because it is a form of bridging (socially heterogeneous), rather than bonding (socially homogenous), social...

Firms that enter foreign markets must decide on the extent to which they will internalize their distribution channels. There is a continuum of choice, ranging from one extreme where the firm performs all marketing and distribution functions itself, to the other where intermediaries take title to...

This paper presents the findings of an empirical study into the export problems of small computer software firms in Finland, Ireland and Norway. The study suggests that finance-related problems present exporters with the greatest difficulties and that these problems often intensify with...

Entrepreneurial founding teams (EFTs) are often essential to new venture creation and successful internationalisation. Although the composition of EFTs has been the subject of enquiry, little research exists into the exit of team members and the consequences for rapid internationalisation. We...