Planning processes are potentially important governance mechanisms in multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, the complex multi-level and multi-cultural nature of these organizations may result in compatibility or clashes of culture between the various units of the MNE with respect to...

We address the problems and criticisms of strategic planning leveled by Mintzberg and others by offering an alternative understanding of the 'strategic' in strategic planning. This view aligns various planning modalities with business strategy types; instead of planning resulting in strategy,...

Internalisation theory explains how the boundaries of firms are set at the margin where the advantages of internal coordination are just offset by the costs of supplanting external markets. Internalisation is a general principle that can be used to explain the boundaries of any institution in...

The UK rail system has been the subject of a bold ideological experiment in privatisation, which has failed. Public subsidy has more than tripled in ten years, new electric trains are in storage because there is insufficient power to run them, and punctuality and reliability have declined to...