The modified Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale (CETSCALE), a 10-item measure of consumer ethnocentrism, was subjected to a validation test in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. Confirmatory factor analysis in each of these nations revealed that the 10-item single factor model suggested...

Institutional theory emphasizes the relationship between organizations and the environment. Institutions consist of political, cognitive and sociological elements that form the external and internal environment of a firm. Both external and internal environments affect firm decisions and...