To examine how greenhouse-gas emission controls affect a country's industrial and trade structures, this article presents an open economy model that has both Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin features. We specifically compare emission quotas, emission taxes, and emission standards. The patterns of...

Free trade agreements (FTAs) have rules of origin (ROOs) to prevent tariff circumvention by firms of nonmember countries. This article points out that in imperfectly competitive markets, ROOs have another role overlooked in the existing literature. Instead of focusing on the impacts of ROOs in...

This paper establishes comparative statics results for an oligopoly model with strategic commitment. Firms compete in two stages. In the first stage, firms decide on strategic cost-reducing R&D investment, whereas they choose output in the second stage. Taking an excise tax/subsidy as a shift...