We introduce an index of trade policy restrictiveness defined as the uniform tariff that maintains the same trade volume as a given tariff/quota structure. Our index overcomes the problems of the trade-weighted average tariff: It avoids substitution bias, correctly accounts for general...

This article analyzes the role of credit frictions in a trade model where producers differ in their capabilities to conduct process and quality innovations and require external finance for investments. Accounting for cost‐based and quality‐based sorting of firms in a unified framework allows...

This paper studies the welfare losses from tariff protection in a general model of a small, open economy where some factors are internationally mobile. It is shown that, whether or not the economy remains incompletely specialized, international factor mobility must raise the cost of protection....