The sub-prime crisis began in mid-2007 as a bursting of the US housing market bubble and became a truly global meltdown in 2008. Renewed instability in financial markets precipitated awareness of how policy makers must react to systemic failures. This paper discusses the primary policy issues...

This paper studies the impact of exogenous and endogenous shocks (exogenous shock is used interchangeably with external shock; endogenous shock is used interchangeably with domestic shock) on output fluctuations in post-communist countries during the 2000s. The first part presents the analytical...

Exchange rate shocks are among those that can threaten economic growth sustainability especially in countries where exports constitute a considerable portion of its GDP. Theoretical literature conveys that exchange rate is assumed to be subject to two types of disturbances: real shocks (e.g.,...