A congestion charge was introduced in the centre of London in February 2003. At the outset, the charge was justified by local policy makers on the basis of an expected reduction in car journeys which would result in improvements in environmental amenity, relating to increased journey speeds...

The future challenges and prospects for institutions of higher education are explored in this paper in the context of a rapidly changing external environment arising from seismic shifts in the global socio-economic, political and technological arenas. The implications of these paradigm shifts...