Household air pollution is the second leading cause of disease in Madagascar, where more than 99 percent of households … monitor household air pollution in two towns in Madagascar, with a stratified sample of 154 and 184 households. Concentrations … quality of household air. Compared with traditional charcoal stoves, improved charcoal stoves were found to have no …

-commerce development has shaped household consumption growth in China. The paper presents three major findings. First, e …China has quickly become the largest e-commerce market in the world. By matching a nationally representative China …

between private social networks, use of informal credit, and household consumption. Instrumental variable regressions indicate … development in China, as it has in countries with higher levels of private sector development …

Using a new and representative data set of Chinese household finance, this paper documents household access to and … household finance, and wealth tends to be associated with better access to formal and informal finance. Better financial … positively associated with access to informal finance. Controlling for household characteristics, rural residents pay interest …