Clements (2004) makes the following two claims: (i) unlike direct network effects, increases in the size of the market do not, in the case of indirect network effects, make standardization more likely, but (ii) indirect network effects are associated with excessive standardization. We show in...

R&D is inherently a dynamic process which typically involves different intermediate stages that need to be developed before the completion of the final invention. Firms are not necessarily symmetric in their R&D abilities; some may have an advantage in early stages of the R&D process while...