Models are representations of reality. They simplify and ignore many complexities in order to focus on certain aspects. With constant and repeated use, theorists sometimes confuse the model with reality. This leads to many types of errors. In this article, we argue that the metaphor of the...

Current economics textbooks and neoclassical economists justify a theory of consumer behaviour based on utility maximisation on a priori grounds. This methodology follows Lionel Robbins' idea that economic theory is based on logical deduction from postulates which are "simple and indisputable...