Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal some basic characteristics in social and economic process, and lay the analytic foundation for advance-retreat course (ARC). Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the analytic model of stochastic ARC (SARC), which is based on the...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the affordability of private tertiary education for households in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – The relevant literature is reviewed to provide an overview of the affordability of private tertiary education. Data are obtained...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the affordability of private tertiary education for households in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – The relevant literature is reviewed to provide an overview of the affordability of private tertiary education. Data are obtained...