In this paper, we develop a comprehensive framework to obtain a 'broad definition' of overall public debt stock accumulation in Turkey. To do this first, we identify 'invisible balance' of public sector incurred from politically backed (informal) off-budget debt-creating transactions among...

This paper analyses the causal relationship between housing activity and growth in nine provinces of South Africa for the period 1995-2011, using panel causality analysis, which accounts for cross-section dependency and heterogeneity across provinces. Our empirical results support unidirectional...

The aims of this paper are firstly to access the contribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) to economic growth in countries of the countries CEMAC region, and secondly to show how these foreign investments contribute to the growth of the CEMAC. The basic theory is that of endogenous growth....

Compared with the previous researches giving scattered and qualitative discussions about the exchange rate expectation China's foreign exchange reserves (FER), this paper conducted an empirical research by adding the exchange rate expectation. Starting from the evolution path of RMB exchange...

Employing and adjusting conventional productivity measures to represent the (mis)use of natural capital in production processes has recently generated increased interest. However, the literature relating to natural capital and productivity is highly fragmented, at times uses different...

Despite the sector's role of sustaining economic growth, there is considerable loss in rose cut flower production due to improper postharvest handling. This study's survey was conducted from first week of February to last week of April, 2011 in three districts of East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia for...