This paper examines the pricing performance of various discrete-time option models that accept the variation of implied volatilities with respect to the strike price and the time-to-maturity of the option (implied volatility tree models). To this end, data from the S&P 100 options are employed...

The fluctuation of shipping freight rates (freight rate risk) is an important source of market risk for all participants in the freight markets including hedge funds, commodity and energy producers. We measure the freight rate risk by the Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach. A range of parametric and...