This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between advertising, fees and quality in the self-regulating professions. Much of the literature is derived from the perspective of advertising as an information-enhancing device, helping to reduce the information...

This paper extends previous analyses of the choice between internal and external R&D to consider the costs of internal R&D. The Heckman two-stage estimator is used to estimate the determinants of internal R&D unit cost (i.e. cost per product innovation) allowing for sample selection effects....