Appropriate modelling of Likert-type items should account for the scale level and the specific role of the neutral middle category, which is present in most Likert-type items that are in common use. Powerful hierarchical models that account for both aspects are proposed. To avoid biased...

Ordered categorial predictors are a common case in regression modelling. In contrast to the case of ordinal response variables, ordinal predictors have been largely neglected in the literature. In this paper, existing methods are reviewed and the use of penalized regression techniques is...